The need for the Internet arose from two things: universities wanted to be able to exchange information freely and the military was concerned about keeping their networks going in case of a major war. The history of the internet evolves around this research.

The initial development took place at the universities. They began to write network protocols that made it less difficult to exchange files between a server at one university and another. The military also took part in the research, because they had a vested interest in the outcome as far as network security was concerned.

These early rather basic networks were not intended for public use at all. They were used exclusively by researchers at the universities and by computer experts. The underlying idea remained the sharing of files between members of the network, so information could be accessible by all of them at the same time.

One such file sharing service was called FTP (File Transfer Protocol). It has been used for a couple of decades now and is still in use today. If you have your own website it’s highly likely you have also used FTP to upload your website files to the server of your hosting company.

Thousands and thousands of hours were spent on research at the universities during the ’80s and ’90s to develop a menu system, so any user could access a list of files that are available on the system and select a specific file for download simply by typing its name or selecting it.

A major step forward was when the researchers at the European Laboratory for particle physics (popularly called CERN) developed the hypertext protocol, which enabled users to embed links in a page and enabled anyone to access the relevant document by simply clicking on the link. It was what lead to the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991 and is in fact the principle that still drives the web today.

Soon after that another major development took place that changed the web forever. During 1993 the first web browser appeared on the scene. It was called Mosaic, and suddenly anyone could easily browse huge lists of files and navigate between those files simply by following the links embedded in each file.

At the beginning the web was intended solely for non-commercial use. Commercial use was frowned upon by the scientists who developed the whole system. They could, however, not keep the private networks out. During the 1990s commercial networks offering services such as email and web browsing started to spring up all over the place. The history of the Internet is a work in progress. Every day new developments take place and the end is not in sight yet.

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The salaries of Plumbers are often talked about in the national press. Salaries of 30-70k p.a. are often discussed, along with the lack of plumbers within the UK. So, is this really the position or is this basically untrue? To be certain, for the correctly qualified and experienced plumber, this level of salary is achievable and indeed attainable. Whilst salaries of 70-100k p.a. are possible, it remains chiefly for self employed people, rather than those working in the customary routes.

If you enter the traditional work environment, primarily working for an established employer, then working hours of Monday to Friday, 9am to 6pm are standard. Indeed salaries of between 15k and 30k p.a. form part of what is expected from employed status in this area, along with the added reward of holiday pay and sickness allowance. However, if the self employed person is willing to work longer than the normal working hours then more money can be earned. For example in the domestic sector where clients are often at work during the working day, self employed plumbers are regularly required to work during evening and weekend visits.

Also there is the factor of self-employment and whether it goes with some people more than others. The inclusion of key elements such as utilising good ‘business sense’, covering areas such as advertising and marketing and getting your own cost-per-hour correct is integral to the picture. To be fair most self-employed people will have to prepare for additional costs including those relating to legal and accountancy fees as well as those of transport and material usage. While these costs can mount up, so too do the benefits, however the costs should always remain a smaller part of the income generated. And the positives virtually always beat the downsides!

Often customary work from employers attracts Student Entrants especially if it meets their needs training in working knowledge and experience. Equally the Self Employed Entrant needs to increase their list of qualifications within a reasonable time frame. That noted the main drive of self-employed workers is towards the ‘domestic’ market and not that of the commercial sector. (Well the majority do at least)

The certification units, needed by each part of the industry keeps a similarity in terms of Plumbing education. A key debate however comes into play when considering the issue of NVQ’s (SVQ’s in Scotland.)

Without a doubt, it is the greater dependence on the NVQ element that separates the Student Entrant from the Self Employed Entrant. In order to meet their client’s expectations the Self Employed Entrant will often need to use a greater range of certifications. The self employed person needs to consider the wishes of their household clients and use the relative domestic-centred qualifications to satisfy them. It is within the workplace - where the NVQ element can be appraised that many Student Entrants carry on with their apprenticeship after having covered the key fundamentals through a college scheme. Due to the cost effectiveness of this study the Student Entrant can make strong savings from the outset. It is fair to say that long before the Student Entrant the Self Employed Entrant can gain financial benefits through establishing certifications faster and by being more commercially motivated.

Clearly this illustrates the need for a careers discussion that covers certifications and study alongside those of financial returns. It is extremely difficult for adults with a family to look after and needing 20kp.a. to consider going back to college and spending 3 years on low paid-apprenticeship work. Equally, many self-employed students fund the courses themselves whereas the Student Entrants often have their studies paid for them as part of their overall apprenticeships. The level of certification sought by the student drives the course structure and can result in costs of between 3k through to 10k+.

Whilst the Self Employed Entrant can consider a wider range of education forms including private colleges the Student Entrant is limited to known further-education colleges. Commercially oriented plumbing course companies will provide an established path of training which ultimately leads into recognised skill-sets and qualifications. In the current climate the ability of Self Employed Entrants to maintain their current financial situation and job, whilst at the same time as training in the evening, part-time or on self study classes remains one of the advantages of this system. From this it makes sense to gather as much detail as you can especially with so many training options available. Why not book mark this page (CTRL-D) and then you can come back and review your options from the links and adverts we have provided for you.

To increase their ‘marketability’ many plumbing students will go on to utilise extra courses. Courses in areas such as Gas, Electrical and Green Energy can provide added certifications. A typically popular route for Plumbers is Gas training, especially as this forms part of the usual commercial and domestic heating system.

Without a doubt, NVQ’s that follow on core subjects lead into the careful and precise program that is Gas Training. The opportunity for on-going training is for those who trained first as a plumber and are now seeking to add some extra skills to their repertoire. It is from this position that many believe the mix of Plumbing/Gas Training is more apt to the mature student. By reducing the NVQ parts the Mature Student appears to be able to allow the focus on the core subjects.

It is from this particular training program that the self-employed professional gains ground. The attraction is certainly the chance to gain a wider range of skill sets and earn money from them. This adds to their overall package rather than having to rely on sub-contraction of key skills to third parties. Having to wait for critical phases to be completed by sub-contractors can not only reduce the earning potential of each job but can also negatively affect a customer’s perception of a job value overall. To have a higher value within their client base a Plumber needs to consider their relative skill sets that they offer.

In retrospect, the Self Employed Entrant has the potential to achieve a much higher and more readily available income stream than Student Entrant, but to do so they need to develop both their business skills and achieve a broader range of certifications. Note: This information relates to the UK market, policies and industry requirements alone.

Written by Scott Edwards. Hop over to Click HERE or City & Guilds Plumbing Courses.

The salaries of Plumbers are often talked about in the national press. The lack of Plumbers in the UK has led to salaries of 30-70k p.a. being exhibited. So, is this really the position or is this basically untrue? Certainly this level of payment is both possible and achievable for the correctly qualified Plumber. To be fair, the higher earnings of 70-100k p.a. are generally for those working within the self-employed field.

It is fairly usual to expect working hours of 9am to 6pm, Monday to Friday with a reputable employer. Normal remuneration such as holiday pay and sickness allowance, along with wages of between 15k and 30K p.a., are usual from UK companies in this area. By working ‘out of hours’ - typically longer than 9am to 6pm Mon- Fri the self employed person can often achieve a higher wage. This is more noticeable when the self employed plumber chooses to work in the domestic market, as result often requiring many evening and weekend visits to suit their clients.

Around which is the question of self employment which appears to fit some people. The inclusion of key elements such as utilising good ‘business sense’, covering areas such as advertising and marketing and getting your own cost-per-hour correct is integral to the picture. Furthermore, additional costs such as materials and transport, along with legal and accountancy fees will need to be paid. While these can mount up, (although they should always be a very small proportion of your earnings,) so can the benefits received. Certainly the downsides are virtually always beaten by the income!

Often customary work from employers attracts Student Entrants especially if it meets their needs training in working knowledge and experience. The Self Employed Entrant on the other hand will need to widen their list of plumbing accreditations and certifications as quickly as possible. That said the vast majority of self-employed plumbers appear to favour the ‘domestic’ instead of the commercial market. (Not all of them, but the main do!)

Considering the education in Plumbing, each path into the industry needs some match in the certification modules. It is when the issue of NVQ’s (SVQ’s in Scotland) is considered that a considerable discrepancy becomes clear.

To begin with, the Student Entrant appears to rely more heavily on the NVQ structure than the Self Employed Entrant. In order to meet their client’s expectations the Self Employed Entrant will often need to use a greater range of certifications. Certainly, the self-employed person needs to rapidly gain the key domestic-centred qualifications that will satisfy their typical household-based clients. The Student Entrant, once they have covered the key fundamentals, will carry on their study in a way similar to an apprenticeship (within the workplace - where the NVQ element can be assessed.) Considerable savings potential exists to the Student Entrant by taking on this cheaper form of study. It is fair to say that long before the Student Entrant the Self Employed Entrant can gain financial benefits through establishing certifications faster and by being more commercially motivated.

It is by covering the study needs along with those of a clear careers discussion that meet the financial rewards. It is often the issue of spending time at college and then having to go back to an apprenticeship for up to 3 years that proves difficult to many adults especially those that have a family to look after. It is by having their courses paid for them that many Student Entrants can submit to the courses, simply put the more mature self-employed students have to pay for their education themselves. For self-employed people these costs are set by the course structure and the level of certification sought and can end up between 3k-10k+.

For the most part the private colleges are the domain of the Self Employed Entrant whereas the Student Entrant is required to study at recognised further-education colleges. It is the lead into familiar skill-sets and qualifications that commercially fixed plumbing course companies offer as part of their training paths. The situation whereby Self Employed Entrants can continue with their current job and maintain their financial position remains one of the core advantages of training in evening, part-time or self study classes. From this it makes sense to gather as much detail as you can especially with so many training options available. Why not book mark this page (CTRL-D) and then you can come back and review your options from the links and adverts we have provided for you.

Plumbers ‘marketability’ is often increased through the use of additional courses. Key certificates in areas such as Gas, Green Energy and Electrical training can be provided by these courses. A popular route for Plumbers involves that of the normal domestic and commercial heating system training program of Gas Training.

With core subjects followed by NVQ’s, Gas Training is a thorough and exact training program. For those who trained as a plumber first and are now looking at extra skills this also offers many options for their on-going development. In review it is often felt that the mature student responds well to the blend of Gas/Plumbing training. The path of focussing on the core subjects and at the same time dropping the NVQ’s seems to favour the Mature Student.

The self-employed professional appears to benefit from this distinct training mixture. The opportunity to learn a wider range of perceived skill-sets (whilst earning money from them) becomes the attraction. The removal of any reliance of sub-contracting key skills of third parties definitely enhances the commercial package. Of concern is the reduction in customer’s value as they have to wait for jobs to be completed by others that in turn can lead to a reduction of the earning potential of a job. The higher the skill level of a Plumber the more that they can offer their client base.

In conclusion, the Self Employed Entrant can enjoy a much higher (and more quickly achieved) income than a Student Entrant, but they would have to work at developing a broader range of certifications (and consider the business side of things too.) Note: The above information is solely relative to the UK market, industry requirements and policies.

(C) 2009 Scott Edwards. Look at Part Time Plumbing Courses or Plumbing Courses.

In these days of super efficiency, support workers who can fix networks and PC’s, and give ongoing advice to users, are essential in all areas of the business environment. As we get to grips with the daunting complexities of technology, growing numbers of trained staff are being sought to run the smooth operation of functions we rely on.

It’s likely that you’re a practical sort of person - a ‘hands-on’ individual. Usually, the trial of reading reference books and manuals is something you’ll make yourself do if you have to, but you really wouldn’t enjoy it. You should use video and multimedia based materials if you’d really rather not use books.

If we can get all of our senses involved in our learning, then we normally see dramatically better results.

The latest audio-visual interactive programs featuring instructor demo’s and practice lab’s will forever turn you away from traditional book study. And they’re a lot more fun to do.

It would be silly not to view some of the typical study materials provided before you sign on the dotted line. You should expect videoed instructor demonstrations and interactive modules with audio-visual elements.

Select physical media such as CD or DVD ROM’s whenever you can. This then avoids all the potential pitfalls with the variability of broadband quality and service.

Often, students don’t think to check on something of absolutely vital importance - the way their training provider actually breaks down and delivers the courseware sections, and into what particular chunks.

Often, you’ll enrol on a course requiring 1-3 years study and receive one element at a time until graduation. This may seem sensible until you think about these factors:

What would happen if you didn’t finish each and every exam at the speed they required? Often the prescribed exam order doesn’t come as naturally as another different route may.

The ideal circumstances are to get all the training materials sent to you right at the start; the entire thing! This prevents any future issues from rising that will affect your progress.

Most of us would love to think that our jobs will remain secure and our work futures are protected, but the growing reality for the majority of jobs around the UK today seems to be that the marketplace is far from secure.

Whereas a sector experiencing fast growth, where there just aren’t enough staff to go round (due to a big shortfall of properly qualified staff), opens the possibility of proper job security.

Recently, a UK e-Skills investigation highlighted that 26 percent of all available IT positions remain unfilled because of a lack of well-trained staff. Put simply, we only have the national capacity to fill 3 out of each 4 job positions in Information Technology (IT).

This one idea alone highlights why the UK is in need of many more people to join the industry.

No better time or market circumstances could exist for gaining qualification for this hugely expanding and blossoming business.

Many people question why traditional degrees are being overtaken by more commercial certificates?

With the costs of academic degree’s increasing year on year, along with the IT sector’s general opinion that vendor-based training is often far more commercially relevant, we’ve seen a great increase in Microsoft, CISCO, Adobe and CompTIA certified training programmes that supply key solutions to a student for much less time and money.

The training is effectively done by concentrating on the skill-sets required (together with a proportionate degree of background knowledge,) instead of spending months and years on the background non-specific minutiae that computer Science Degrees can often find themselves doing (because the syllabus is so wide).

What if you were an employer - and you needed to take on someone with a very particular skill-set. What’s the simplest way to find the right person: Pore through reams of different degrees and college qualifications from various applicants, trying to establish what they know and which workplace skills have been attained, or choose particular accreditations that exactly fulfil your criteria, and make your short-list from that. The interview is then more about the person and how they’ll fit in - instead of long discussions on technical suitability.

(C) 2009 S. Edwards. Pop over to CLICK HERE or CIW Courses.